The emphasis is on the materials for efficient removal processand the transportbility in both porous regions ( soil and aquifer) and the synthesizing materials could be plants or minerals that are not pollutants to the environment
According to IUPAC the term “Heavy metals” must not be used any more, as it has 40 different definitions and therefore is scientifically unclear. See: DUFFUS, J.H. 2002. “Heavy Metals” – A meaningless term? Pure Appl. Chem., 74(5):793–807, doi:10.1351/pac200274050793.
Heavy metal and fluoride contamination is serious problem in the world. There are various techniques used to decontaminatation of these pollutants. For your better understanding I have attached a excellent Review paper. I think this review paper help your all adsorbent use to metal and fluoride removal in drinking water.
Please find the attachment or see the link
Regards
Krishna
Article A review of emerging adsorbents and current demand for deflu...