The global literature on occupational disease prevalence in the agricultural sector highlights significant health risks faced by workers due to exposure to pesticides, dust, zoonotic pathogens, and ergonomic hazards. Studies from high-income countries, such as the U.S. and EU nations, report high rates of respiratory illnesses (e.g., farmer’s lung), pesticide-related poisoning, and musculoskeletal disorders due to repetitive labor. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where safety regulations are often lax, research indicates even higher prevalence of pesticide toxicity, parasitic infections, and chronic respiratory conditions from organic dust exposure. Additionally, climate change exacerbates risks, with increasing heat stress and vector-borne diseases affecting agricultural workers. Despite variations in regional data, common trends include underreporting due to informal work arrangements and limited access to healthcare. Systematic reviews call for more vigorous regulatory enforcement, improved protective equipment, and enhanced health surveillance to mitigate occupational diseases in this vulnerable workforce.