Referring to "Is this the end of the multiverse?" by Alex Wilkins in New Scientist, 31 May 2025, pp. 8-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(25)00847-4 : this has implications for gravitational-wave observatories and for the wave function of the universe.
A vector is a quantity which possesses both magnitude and direction. Two such quantities may be represented by two adjoining sides of a parallelogram, so that their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram. (An adjoining horizontal and vertical line, for example, can symbolize the electromagnetic and gravitational vectors in a paper published by Einstein [1] ... while the resultant diagonal substitutes for the interaction of those two forces e.g. photonic spin of 1 is divided by gravitonic spin 2 to produce any matter particle's spin 1/2. A scalar variable is representable by a position on a line, having only magnitude ... and is associated with particles of spin zero e.g. the Higgs boson. A tensor is a set of functions which, when changing from one set of coordinates to another, is transformed in a precisely defined manner e.g. changing from the coordinates of the vectors to those of the diagonal, or of the Higgs boson, is a transformation performed in a particular way.
The parallelogram can be converted by the morphing ability of computer programming so it traces an elliptical shape – like Earth’s elliptical orbit. Which would mean the vector / tensor / scalar relationship applies to this planet and everything/everyone on it. (The second vector can be the magnitude and direction of the orbiting Earth itself (months later in its orbit). The innumerable spins of particles composing the planet are reduced to that of a boson possessing integer spin. * Like a Bose-Einstein Condensate, such particles have no restriction on the number of them that occupy the same quantum state. Thus, Earth appears finite and insignificant but it could actually occupy a literally infinite and eternal amount of space-time. Since they’d need to adapt to Earth’s infinity, all other bodies in space-time would similarly reduce the innumerable spins of particles composing them to that of a boson possessing integer spin which could be 0.
* Particles that are made of even numbers of fermions behave as a boson. The reason behind this is simple: each of those fermions obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics and is a spin ±1/2 particle. If you add two of them together, you can get something that's spin -1, 0, or +1, which is an integer (and hence a boson obeying Bose-Einstein statistics.) [2]
The two paths, mirror, two paths meeting again, and interference pattern in the experimental setup described on page 8 reminded me of LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). Everyone assumes the laser light at LIGO travels in one arm or the other but, following the experiment of Prof. Hofmann and his colleagues, the photons could travel through the two arms (instead of two slits in their more complex version of the double-slit experiment.) In fact, they'd exist beyond the current reference frame used by humanity and would travel throughout space-time. Let's think of two possibilities - 1) physicists are correct when they say even a single photon has a wave-like quality, and 2) the elliptical version of vector-tensor-scalar geometry is correct when hypothesizing that every particle in the universe is simultaneously at all points in space and time. Since the wave function mathematically describes all possible positions for the photon, a photon existing throughout space-time would be representative of the wave function of the universe.
References
[1] “Spielen Gravitationfelder im Aufbau der Elementarteilchen eine Wesentliche Rolle?” [Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?] by Albert Einstein, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, [Math.Phys.], 349-356, Berlin (1919)
[2] “Ask Ethan: What's The Difference Between A Fermion And A Boson?” Ethan Siegel. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/04/01/ask-ethan-whats-the-difference-between-a-fermion-and-a-boson
Rodney,
No - this is mere speculations! Often undertaken to scare mankind and most often personal dreams of earnings. Math - in a philosophical context cannot prove anything - and neither physic. The spoken languages are the villains of this long-lasting theatrical play
Arne Kjellman
Yes Arne, it's speculation. But it isn't undertaken to scare mankind or to make personal earnings. It's meant to show that we don't need to restrict ourselves to what is known today. Starting with what science knows now, we can explore how that knowledge might be applied - or even modified - in the future. Where would science be if people didn't use their imaginations? After all, relativity and quantum mechanics were nothing more than fantastic dreams in somebody's head at the very beginning. Science might still be in the 1800s if Einstein and the quantum theorists had never pursued their dreams.
Rodney,
Fine - we agree - except when you get to the underlying cause. I maintain that "hushing the lambs" is the primary and effective cause.