I am looking for alternative pain relievers that are not toxic to mitochondria and do not cause dysregulation in the arachidonic acid cascade. I'd like to know the relative potency of COX-1 and COX-2 activity relative to typical non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs.
Dear Lynne,
The following are the required articles:
1- Mediators of Inflammation
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 805841, 15 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/805841
Review Article
Mushrooms: A Potential Natural Source of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds for Medical Applications
Elsayed A. Elsayed,1,2 Hesham El Enshasy,3,4 Mohammad A. M. Wadaan,1 andRamlan Aziz3
1Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
3Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81130 Skudai, Malaysia
4City of Scientific Research and Technology Application, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
Received 24 May 2014; Accepted 13 August 2014; Published 23 November 2014
Academic Editor: Julio Galvez
Copyright © 2014 Elsayed A. Elsayed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
For centuries, macrofungi have been used as food and medicine in different parts of the world. This is mainly attributed to their nutritional value as a potential source of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and minerals. In addition, they also include many bioactive metabolites which make mushrooms and truffles common components in folk medicine, especially in Africa, the Middle East, China, and Japan. The reported medicinal effects of mushrooms include anti-inflammatory effects, with anti-inflammatory compounds of mushrooms comprising a highly diversified group in terms of their chemical structure. They include polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and many other low molecular weight molecules. The aims of this review are to report the different types of bioactive metabolites and their relevant producers, as well as the different mechanisms of action of mushroom compounds as potent anti-inflammatory agents.
To view the full paper,, see attached file.
2- Mediators Inflamm. 2005 Jun 9; 2005(2): 63–80.
doi: 10.1155/MI.2005.63
PMCID: PMC1160565
Antiinflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties of Fungal Metabolites
Cristina Lull,1 Harry J. Wichers,1 and Huub F. J. Savelkoul2,*
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Abstract
We discuss current information on the ability of extracts and isolated metabolites from mushrooms to modulate immune responses. This can result in a more enhanced innate and acquired disease resistance. The major immunomodulating effects of these active substances derived from mushrooms include mitogenicity and activation of immune effector cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells, resulting in the production of cytokines, including interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α, and interferon gamma (INF)-γ. In particular, the ability of selective mushroom extracts to modulate the differentiation capacity of CD4+ T cells to mature into TH1 and/or TH2 subsets will be discussed. As a consequence these extracts will have profound effects in particular diseases, like chronic autoimmune TH1-mediated or allergic TH2-mediated diseases. Immunosuppressive effects by mushroom components have also been observed. The therapeutic effects of mushrooms, such as anticancer activity, suppression of autoimmune diseases, and allergy have been associated with their immunomodulating effects. However, further studies are needed to determine the molecular mechanisms of the immunomodulating effects of mushrooms metabolites both individually and in complex mixtures, for example, extracts.
To view the full paper, see attached file.
Hoping this will be helpful,
Rafik
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