Resilience is generally considered the capacity to tolerate, absorb, cope with, and adjust to changing social or environmental conditions while retaining key elements of structure, function, and identity. Biodiversity consistently increases resistance; however, biodiversity effects on resilience depend on the direction and duration of climate events.

This definition of resilience is far out-of-date and the phrase "social ecological systems" plus variations is best avoided:

(a) https://www.acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/866

(b) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2294-0

(c) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0038-5

(d) https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513518834

(e) https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12457

(f) http://www.ilankelman.org/articles1/kelman2008udp.pdf

(g) https://www.ilankelman.org/articles2/weichselgartneretal.2014az.pdf

As well as two blogs http://www.urbanresilienceresearch.net/2016/04/20/how-resilient-is-resilience and https://mahb.stanford.edu/blog/keep-resilience-language-simple

Biodiversity consistently increases resistance; however, biodiversity effects on resilience depend on the direction and duration of climate events. Biologically diverse communities are also more likely to contain species that confer resilience to that ecosystem because as a community accumulates species, there is a higher chance of any one of them having traits that enable them to adapt to a changing environment. Resilience is generally considered the capacity to tolerate, absorb, cope with, and adjust to changing social or environmental conditions while retaining key elements of structure, function, and identity. Resilience is generally considered the capacity to tolerate, absorb, cope with, and adjust to changing social or environmental conditions while retaining key elements of structure, function, and identity. Some factors that increase resilience include the species richness of the ecosystem, ecological redundancy of species within the ecosystem, and higher humidity levels. The source, persistence, and intensity of the stressor can also impact resilience. Ecosystems with higher biodiversity tend to be more stable with greater resistance and resilience in the face of disturbances, or disruptive events. The social-ecological systems lens draws on many concepts and approaches but in the form we are using, it always includes three key factors multiple scales, multiple levels, and resilience. The “resistance-resilience framework” helps us understand ecological resilience and the role resistance plays. It's easy to confuse these two closely related concepts of ecosystem change: resistance is the ability to persist or withstand a disturbance, and resilience is the ability to recover once a disturbance ends. Both resistance and resilience cause an ecosystem to remain relatively unchanged when confronted to a disturbance, but in the case of resistance alone no internal re-organization and succession change is involved. This can lead to collapse of the system when a disturbance threshold is exceeded.