According to Mineral Products Association (mpa), typical examples of None-Off-site Manufacture category are Frames (such as Tunnel form; System column formwork; Jumpform) and Walls (such as Flat slabs/Slipform; masonry/blockwork; Vertical panel systems; Horizontal panel) (the Concrete Centre; http://www.concretecentre.com).
German efforts usually focused on enhancing plant and equipment used in concreting (IAARC, 2004). Such as a German platform for housing projects, it does not imply that “off‐site manufacturing” is the most optimal production method, rather it is a matter of handling complexity (Thuesen and Hvam, 2011).