Importantly the features and the parameters to be considered
Availability of land in appropriate size for project,
Permeability of subsurface materials in order to receive and transmit surface water or injection water,
Absence of barriers to vertical infiltration such as clay layers between point of recharge and groundwater surface,
Water quality of recharge water and water quality of ambient groundwater and minerology of sedimentary/alluvial formations to determine potential mixing and chemical reactions.
Availability of land for construction of extraction facilities downgradient of recharge facilities
Thise are the basics
In addition to the points mentioned by Dr. Brian, the depth to groundwater table is also very important. Deeper the groundwater table, more will be the scope for artificial recharge, and to store the recharged water. If the groundwater table is shallow, then practing artificial recharge in such places may end up in water logging.
I would also like to add some factors that can influence this recharge like :
1) Some petrophysical characteristics of rocks or layers of soil (like porosity, permeability, storativity, hydraulic conductivity, transmitivity, hardness of rock, etc.)
2) the influence of the structure. (Syncline, anticline, presence of faults)
3) the viscosity and the chemical composition of water.
Hope this helps you.
Attached is a BOOK REVIEW by Ghislain de Marsily (Académie des Sciences, Paris) devoted to the fundamental Water-Food Nexus in the Arid Region taking Tunisia as an example. "National water security– Case study of an arid country, Tunisia (Authors: Besbes, Chahed Hamdane), Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (2019) 4:11". The Previous French version of the book is available in chapters on:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356650449_Securite_Hydrique_de_la_Tunisie_Preface_Introduction https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356662490_Les_Problemes_de_l'Eau_dans_le_Monde
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356663902_Cinquante_ans_de_politiques_de_l'eau_1960-2010
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356665641_Le_Bilan_Hydrique_National
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356666107_Le_bilan_Hydrique_Integral_Eau_Bleue_Eau_Verte_et_Eau_Virtuelle
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356666288_La_gestion_de_la_demande_en_eau_et_les_ressources_non_conventionnelles
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356674959_Securite_Hydrique_de_la_Tunisie_les_questions_en_debat
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356678805_Securite_Hydrique_de_la_Tunisie_Conclusion_Postface
Abstract:
This is a short review of a book recently published by Springer entitled: National water security–Case study of an arid country, Tunisia; by Mustapha Besbes, Jamel Chahed, and Abdelkader Hamdane. It shows that around 40% of the water consumed in Tunisia is imported as virtual water, used in other countries to produce goods. Water security is thus strongly linked to food security, but includes protection of the resource from pollution, accidents, malicious acts, and anticipation of extreme hydrologic events. A detailed analysis is made of water consumed by agriculture for food production by both rain-fed and irrigated crops, from which a surprising conclusion can be drawn: the major part of Tunisian food production is provided by rain-fed agriculture. Therefore, optimizing the yield of rain-fed agriculture becomes a priority. Alternative water resources are also discussed, as well as water governance. Results can be integrated into the policy choices related to sustainable water management which should be made in the future in Tunisia, and other regions where water is scarce.
I explained in the article:
1. Assessing the earth dams' effect on the groundwater of its location
Case Study: Kord-Oliya dam
2.
Groundwater Level Prediction through GMS Software – Case Study of Karvan Area, Iran
Chapter: Fifty Years of Water Policies, 1960–2010. In: National Water Security. Springer, Cham, by Besbes, M., Chahed, J., Hamdane, A. (2019).
Tunisia has implemented a network of hydraulic facilities allowing to ensure safety about drinking water supply of the whole urban population and a large part, although unequally, of rural regions. Irrigation has been developed on 420,000 ha, or 8% of arable land which contribute nearly a third of the agricultural production value. The water facilities are involved, in addition, to mitigate the flood-related damage and droughts. Urban sanitation has also developed favorably in large cities, but yet very unevenly in rural areas. All these achievements have contributed to improve food and health conditions. However, this development admits an objective limit which is the threshold of exploitable resource. The policy of increasing supply of conventional resources begins to reach its limits and corollaries of accelerated water resources development were clearly identified since the early 1990s: overexploitation of many shallow and deep aquifers, water salinization in some of them, soil salinization in some irrigated areas. In this context, integrated management of the resource including demand management, is introduced to meet the growing needs expressed by various sectors. Important changes are taking place and reforms are being implemented to protect water resources, control production and use of non conventional water resources, better manage hydrological risks, anticipate conflicting sectoral interests by mobilizing all stakeholders, modernize the regulatory framework and develop appropriate plannings
Besbes, M., Chahed, J., Hamdane, A. (2019), National Water Security, Case Study of an Arid Country: Tunisia, Edition Springer. Book presentation from SpringerLink,
Book National Water Security, Case Study of an Arid Country: Tunisia
French Edition of the book: Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie, Gérer l'eau en conditions de pénurie. L'Harmattan, 2014, Paris.
Chapters Available on:
Chapter Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie : Préface & Introduction
Chapter Les Problèmes de l’Eau dans le Monde
Chapter Cinquante ans de politiques de l’eau, 1960-2010
Chapter Le Bilan Hydrique National
Chapter Le bilan Hydrique Intégral : Eau Bleue, Eau Verte et Eau Virtuelle
Chapter La gestion de la demande en eau et les ressources non conventionnelles
Chapter Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie, les questions en débat.
Chapter Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie : Conclusion & Postface
I explained this topics in two articles
1. Assessing the earth dams’ effect on the groundwater of its location case study: Kord-Oliya dam
2. Assessing the earth dams’ effect on the groundwater of its location case study: Kord-Oliya dam
It causes to increase the level ground water or wells and improve hiydrogeological situation
Chapter: Water Demand Management and Non Conventional Resources. In: National Water Security. Springer, Cham, by Besbes, M., Chahed, J., Hamdane, A. (2019).
After a preamble devoted to water demand management (WDM) principles in Tunisia, the chapter examines aspects relating to water supply and management conditions, and major challenges in water use key areas: drinking water and agriculture. Use of non conventional waters: desalination and treated wastewater reuse, are considered as an extension to demand management policies. For drinking water, WDM includes technical measures and pricing. Institutionally, the question arises of the long-term sustainability of the current dichotomous management for drinking water supply and sanitation. In irrigation, WDM strategy is based on modernization of collective irrigation systems, water savings at the plot, and pricing policies. Later sections analyze non conventional resources, desalination and wastewater recycling. Number of constraints hinder recycling large-scale development: inadequate treatments against salinity, restrictive uses due to treatment variability, state of repair of treatment plants, not conducive to maintaining acceptable quality levels. In 2010, the total desalination production was 40 million m3/year. Future desalination programs forecast to bring this capacity to almost 120 million m3 in 2030. The country is not equipped to face the challenges of such a perspective, but some measures may help, like appropriate regulations and standardization, institutional organization to plan, implement, evaluate and monitor the national water desalination program.
Besbes, M., Chahed, J., Hamdane, A. (2019), National Water Security, Case Study of an Arid Country: Tunisia, Edition Springer. Book presentation from SpringerLink,
Book National Water Security, Case Study of an Arid Country: Tunisia
French Edition of the book: Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie, Gérer l'eau en conditions de pénurie. L'Harmattan, 2014, Paris.
Chapters Available on:
Chapter Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie : Préface & Introduction
Chapter Les Problèmes de l’Eau dans le Monde
Chapter Cinquante ans de politiques de l’eau, 1960-2010
Chapter Le Bilan Hydrique National
Chapter Le bilan Hydrique Intégral : Eau Bleue, Eau Verte et Eau Virtuelle
Chapter La gestion de la demande en eau et les ressources non conventionnelles
Chapter Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie, les questions en débat.
Chapter Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie : Conclusion & Postface
The Hill, Dec. 9, 2023, the Article by Tara D. Sonenshine, An unseen tragedy of war, "Wars end. Eventually the guns go silent. But their aftereffects linger for years on the ground, in the air, in the water ... New reporting suggests that Israel Defense Forces may pump seawater into the tunnels to flush out remaining militants, in addition to bombing entrances and exits. Water may be the last breath of desperation for Palestinians. It is the key lifeline to Gaza, and many fear that an influx of seawater into underground tunnels will only add to the toxic mix of dirty, salty and dwindling supplies of H2O. Ninety-six percent of the water in Gaza’s only underground aquifer is unfit for human consumption, according to a United Nations’ report, which explains that “three seawater desalination plants that can produce around 7% of Gaza’s clean water needs have been disrupted. Three pipelines from Israel that provide around 13 % of Gaza’s water needs, and a system of 300 wells and bore houses from an aquifer below Gaza is treated by desalination units.” Israel has begun preparations to flood the tunnels, knowing that the environmental impact could be felt for years.
According to reports by the Wall Street Journal and Israeli experts chronicling the war, the Israeli army last month set up five large water pumps near the al-Shati refugee camp in Gaza City, which can flood the tunnels within weeks by pumping thousands of cubic meters of water per hour into them. Scientist Elon Adar believes that “if several million cubic meters were pumped into the tunnels, and seeped into the aquifer, “the negative impact on groundwater quality would last for several generations, depending on the amount that infiltrates into the subsurface.” Others worry about the long-term health effects, soil contamination and overall ecology in the region from metal under the ground. And most concerning is how any remaining hostages would get out of flooded tunnels alive..."
Read on:
https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/4350337-an-unseen-tragedy-of-war/
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Water_Footprint_Water_Colors_Blue_Water_Green_Water_Grey_Water_Virtual_Water
In these festive days, I would like to mention this 30 year old Paper, "Joy A. Palmer (1993) From Santa Claus to sustainability: emerging understanding of concepts and issues in environmental science, International Journal of Science Education, 15:5 , 487-495", in which the author discusses the nature and development of children's early knowledge and awareness of environmental issues. as strange as it may seem, we learn that "pre‐school children may well have a strong base of accurate scientific knowledge upon which early years environmental teaching may build." Happy Holidays For All
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Adaptation_and_Resilience_to_Climate_Change_Temporal_Paradox_versus_Chronology_Protection_Conjecture
I explain in these articles: articles:
1.Assessing the earth dams’ effect on the groundwater of its location case study: Kord-Oliya dam
2.Groundwater Level Prediction through GMS Software – Case Study Karvan Area, Iran
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