Translation needs to be validated by 'back translation'. This process two bilingual scientists are needed. The first translates to the new language. The second translates it back to the original language. These two versions need to agree. Cultural adaptation could be adding a type of dance to capture physical activity level or a cultural food to assess dietary intake.

Thank you Joan.

I mean that some items of the original version of an instrument may not be relevant to the target population and should be deleted in the process of cultural adaptation. For this reason, we calculate CVR (content validity ratio) based on 10 experts' views on essentiality of each item in the instrument for the target population. An item with a CVR less than .62 then should be deleted according to Lawshe method. Again we ask experts to express their ideas about relevancy , clarity and simplicity of each item for the target population and calculate CVI (content validity index). I can't understand why we assess relevancy of items for the target population two times.

Dear Forough,

You answered your question. You should pre-test your  questionnaire with experts and also potential participants. Pre-testing is considered to be critical and essential part of the questionnaire design in order to provide valid, reliable and unbiased results and to detect any potential problems in the questionnaire such as difficulty, time, wording and also see how it works and whether changes are necessary before the start of the actual survey. This procedure is very critical in order to overcome the different cultural terminologies and avoid collecting useless data. While i was doing my phd, i went through some easy questions but still i found some who denied answering this questions. For example, since i was collecting my data from Lebanon, some female participants mentioned that they have problems  answering thier age in years and suggested that it is better to present age in different interval groups, another respondent highlighted some potential problem with wording one of the questions. This is in terms of questionnaire design (i.e face validity). Then after collecting the data from the potential participants (pilot study), you can analysis the data and check for content validity and eliminate any item that is below 0.6.

N.B: keep in mind that what may be applicable in one country, may not be applicable in another one. thats why, you noticed already that most of the theories/ models are always tested in different countries and cultures (e.g developing vs developed countries etc...)

Good luck