There are various field base techniques to measure the soil nutrient but can these things be measured from satellite data
generally yes, but you still need field data for validation
http://www.asdi.com/applications/additional/agriculture-and-soils/crops-and-soils-research-for-soil-nutrients-analys
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5964963&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D5964963
Yes especially by using one of the field spectroradiometers and a validation field data; from the soil spectral signatures and the validation data you can fit regression models for each one of the soil characteristics ( linear, multiple linear, standard least square or stepwise selection).
Yes you can. In addition to the comments above, check this list of shared papers on RG. One of the links point to "Remote Sensing of Soils."
https://www.researchgate.net/search.Search.html?query=soil%20nutrient%20soil%20content%20properties%20using%20Remote%20Sensing&type=publication
You can not measuring available nutrients - NO3, NH4, P and K directly from satellite and air-born images. You need field validation data and field spectroradiometer data. You can also determine humus content, as well as N total in the soil and clay content based on multyspectral data.
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