Nowadays, many researchers argue that systems can behave intelligently. Their argument is that eventually it is a necessity since, without intelligence, systems will be like a psychopath, which has problem solving capability but do not have rational purpose and associated responsibility. Others argue that, even if a system has intelligence, it will be very different from human intelligence since it will be not interwoven with feelings and emotions. Furthermore, behavior of the system may turn out to be emotionally, axiologically and etiologically deviant or even incorrect from an anthropomorphic perspective. Of course, feelings and values are important parts of human intelligent behavior. This entails the question: Let us assume that (i) intellect (intelligence), (ii) awareness (restricted consciousness), (iii) responsibility (attitudinal accountability) and (iii) reflective emotions (affections) are computationally reproduced (no matter whatever way). Will such a system show any observable indication of having a soul (i.e. the essential immaterial or spiritual part of a human being and existing as human)?
Very good question! Yes, they do. Perhaps, not so explicitly as many scholars would expect, but they do. According to researchers, it is evidential since soul as a human quality is (i) an essential moral and emotional nature of human beings, (ii) the sole quality that arouses emotion and sentiment, and (iii) the source of spiritual or moral force. The presence of soul in humans manifests in emotional or intellectual energy or intensity, especially as revealed in a work of art, or in an artistic performance, or in practicing social responsibility, or in handling causes of an individual life. Obviously, these are not concrete quantitative measures, but (immaterial) qualitative indicators that need (teleological) interpretation.
Can. Moreover, it already does, since we are cyberphysical systems. I have a lot of work on this. I wrote the oldest ones 40 years ago. The newest ones are today. The only problem is that science does not recognize the existence of a Soul, even in humans
Dear Dr. Lutsenko,
Thank you very much for your comment. You wrote: "... science does not recognize the existence of a Soul, even in humans...". I think this is a correct observation. But in my transcription what it means is that science cannot really deal with 'intangible' things, even if they exist physically. We can think of many things like mass, energy fields, consciousness, and ......….. soul. We have science which is good for reducible phenomena, but is much-much less effective for holistic phenomena. We talk about approaches, but the fact of the matter is that we still do not know how to establish and conduct transdisciplinary science and transdisciplinary research, respectively.
Could you please identify (or perhaps even share with me) those papers of yours that you believe I need to study in order to be able to get closer to an understanding of the relationship between intellectualized cyber-physical systems and their artificial soul. Obviously I have no problem with existence when human cyber-biological systems are considered, but I think we do not know how it is created or creates itself, and how we can study it without neglecting its complexity. I look forward to hearing from you.
Best regards,
Imre Horvath
I have already received two warnings from the RG administration for giving links to my work in discussions. They threaten to block my ability to communicate or even take away my registration in RG. I have a lot of work in the field that interests You. They are on my site and many of them I posted in RG. Do a search in my works for the keywords: "Consciousness" and "Soul" and I think you will find some of these works. You can also read my resume and click on the links provided there.
Я уже два раза получил предупреждение от администрации RG за то, что давал в ссылки на свои работы в обсуждениях. Они грозятся заблокировать мне возможность общаться или вообще забрать регистрацию в RG. У меня есть много работ в области, которая Вас интересует. Они есть на моем сайте и многие я разместил в RG. Сделайте поиск в моих работах по ключевым словам: "Сознание" и "Душа" и я думаю, вы найдете некоторые из этих работ. Еще можно почитать мое резюме и покликать по приведенным там ссылкам.
Yes, I have found a couple of things in Russian. Using my e-mail, could you please send me the link to publications that address (i) manifestation of soul in any type of engineered systems. (ii) the way how this ('artificial') soul was created based on analog and digital hardware, control and application software, and active and passive cyberware, and (iii) application/exploitation/limitation/affordances of this 'artificial' soul offered by intellectualized systems. Thank you very much in advance!
"Humans care, love, have emotion and bodies, risk, commit and live beyond conformity. These are all qualities that computers, according to Heideggerian philosopher Hubert Dreyfus, can never have" (Sieber 2015, 44).1
These are qualities of a soulful being. Consider reading Dreyfus' book What Computers Still Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason.
1 Sieber, Alexander. 2015. "Reclaiming Religion: Why Empire Cannot Be Sustained." The International Journal of Civic, Political, and Community Studies 14 (1): 41-47. doi:10.18848/2327-0047/CGP/v14i01/43504
Dr. Sieber, thank you very much for this very meaningful comment. I will study the mentioned documents with a great interest. Kind regards, I.H.
There is no "definite" answer except for "it depends on one's world perception". See, for instance, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ātman_(Buddhism)
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