Cotton and linen are cellulosic fibres, and you can make quite strong bags out of those. the strength does not come from the polymers themselves, but in the way the polymers can tangle together. The overall strength is that of the weakest part. The problem with paper is that the polymers are simply mixed up together and have not got any unifying and tangling capacity. One can overcome that to some extent by dissolving the cellulose and spin-precipitating it - i.e. make rayon. But the fibres used in paper are not aligned, ad a random mix does not get enough hydrogen bonds that are cooperative, and the product is weak.

The below mentioned review article discusses several aspects of papermaking, and cites many references on kraft paper. Happy new year.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315427845_Agricultural_Residues_Wastes_for_Manufacture_of_Paper_Board_and_Miscellaneous_Products_Background_Overview_and_Future_Prospects?_sg=E4HpliuxU9qQjY0jwp1DRsbf1uIUbDZk9xFuTLWZi7owqoBrjiqt9dyu8CpNYBHZ_E9NRpkKGnSc7DdD2EpJynzQ-Od1l5oGdh_jQVZp.zDsoCweTux9CBEJz2xL-RpdGbzlazeBtlp_nnIRoYW_y0TmqQCv3CGVQ1qmd8oW-1OjpKz3DX95YGPdG9u79lA

Thanks for highly informative discussions.

Dear Akhouri Sinha, Thank you very much for making very important inquiries on the Research Gate portal and inspiring important discussions on particularly important issues.

In my opinion, it is good that there was a discussion in the question of this query.

This is a very interesting and scientifically important topic.

Because the topic is very important so I still read the answers, I follow the interesting discussion.

Question:

Biodegradable carry bags using cellulosic natural fibers?

this is a very important issue that requires scientific research.

It seems to me that it is good that there was a discussion in the question of this question.

Dear Dear Akhouri Sinha, Thank you very much for making very important questions on the Research Gate portal and inspiring important discussions on particularly important issues. The issue of development of the concept and implementation of biodegradability on the industrial scale is a very important issue in the 21st century. Other issues that are particularly important include issues such as climate change, global warming, rising global temperature, the progressing greenhouse effect of the Earth and the related new climate disasters are probably the most important topic for discussion, research and human action in the 21st century century. The topics related to the greenhouse effect on Earth, which are the subject of discussion, are particularly important and scientifically important and in the context of human life. I wish you all good and best regards

The above discussion inspired me to the following considerations:

The European Parliament is gradually introducing restrictions in the use of non-biodegradable plastic packaging in the European Union. From 2021, plastic bags should be banned in the packaging trade. They are to be replaced by their biodegradable substitutes. Some of the products so far produced from plastic, such as disposable cutlery and dishes used in fast food restaurants, are to be replaced by their substitutes made from certain cereal species, e.g. rice, maize, etc. In some countries, these types of edible cutlery and dishes are already available produced. This is an important direction of changes in the development and implementation of the concept of biodegradability on the industrial scale. this is important in the context of limiting the negative effects of environmental pollution with materials, waste, non-degradable or non-degradable garbage. It is also an important topic in the context of limiting the incineration of waste, burning plastic waste, during which toxic chemicals are formed and released into the atmosphere. It is also important in the context of the development of renewable energy sources and the need to implement sustainable development based on the new, green economy.

I invite you to the discussion

In addition, I note the interesting discussion inspired me to the following considerations:

Will it be possible in the future to fully sustain economic development in harmony with ecology?

Sustainable development is very important in the context of the increasing use of resources and environmental pollution.

The basic issue that must be achieved within the framework of full sustainable development is the renewal of resources, reduction of economic growth to the optimal level ensuring renewable resources, reduction of environmental pollution, creation of biodegradable substitutes for fossil fuels, replacement of traditional energy based on mineral combustion for technological innovations in in the field of energy, including the development of energy based on renewable energy sources of renewable energy, etc. To this should be added a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to slow down the negative aspects of the oceogenic climate of the Earth. There is so much to do in these themes and, above all, a great deal to do in the 21st century so that it would not be too late.

To effectively carry out this process, it is necessary to develop universal, precise measures of sustainable development that will be used globally and will be recognized as the standards for assessing the process of achieving and achieving sustainable economic development in harmony with ecology.

But it is very difficult to establish precise measures for the sustainable development process. Sustainable economic development in correlation with ecology should be measured to determine if it is being implemented. It is necessary to define precise determinants that on one hand will determine the pace of economic development and on the other hand will take into account specific issues of ecology. It should be a set of quantified indicators based on selected measurable and quantitative data, so that the whole analytical process can be considered as a research objective method. The best solution will therefore be to develop an analytical scoring method, for which the basic components of this method will be defined economic and ecological quantitative indicators.

In the light of the above, the question arises: Is sustainable development possible taking into account the full harmony of economic development with ecology?

Even if it is unrealistic, what are the reasons for building a theoretical model that would present such a fully balanced development?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion

Biodegradability is a very important issue in the context of sustainable and pro-ecological development. In many countries, ecologically innovative materials are created that are biodegradable, replace classic, hard-degradable materials that were a problem in terms of waste.

Innovative new types of materials, new types of substitutes of existing raw materials that have been used in various branches of industry have often been created in laboratories of research centers, research centers of technology companies operating in the biotechnology sector, construction engineering, space exploration programs, etc.

In the 21st century, new material innovations will have to be created for the purpose of creating ecological substitutes for the exhausting traditional minerals of energy raw materials.

In addition, further material innovations will have to be created for the creation of ecological, biodegradable substitutes for hard-degradable plastic packaging, dishes and fast-moving products.

Material innovations are currently being created for the needs of construction, environmental protection, ecological energy, medicine, etc.

Will the observed trends in this field change over the next several decades?

Are material innovations mainly created as a result of deliberately planned research projects carried out in specialized research laboratories?

However, are they more often created accidentally in research projects, the aim of which was to explore a completely different issue, to create a technical invention or a completely different branch of innovation?

In addition, the question is also current: In what branches of industry will the most material innovations in the 21st century be created?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

In addition, I note the interesting discussion inspired me to the following considerations:

Is it necessary to improve the waste management technique?

I believe that it is necessary to apply appropriate waste management techniques due to the need to develop a new green economy, ie to implement the principles of sustainable development. It is necessary to minimize and limit the negative effects of climate change, generated by the progressive greenhouse effect of the Earth, which is rapidly accelerating global warming.

Improvement of waste management techniques should be implemented through the increase of automation, computerization and robotization in the field of planning and logistics of this process.

In view of the above, I would like to ask you: Is it necessary to improve the waste management technique?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion

As for municipal waste, it is technically possible to recycle/reuse all waste. What is less clear is whether you will make money from doing so. What is particularly clear is that in the market economy we have, nobody will take the risk, and instead picks on small fractions. That "cherry picking" makes it harder than ever to use the remaining waste and make money. This is one of those examples where I feel the market economy fails, and some directed and controlled part has two be applied for this type of problem only.

If we analyze in depth waste is generated mainly because of non appropriate distribution due to mismanagement by human. Higher concentration causes the problem for waste handling.