Greetings all! I am interested in ethnic racial socialization, specifically preparation for bias messages transmitted in African American families. While I am aware of the purpose and mixed outcomes associated with prep for bias messages, I am less knowledgeable about what parents are saying when when preparing their children for discrimination? What do they say children should do when they feel like they are discriminated against by a teacher or a peer?
Can anyone suggest publications that can provide me with more descriptive information on what African American parents are saying when preparing their children for bias? Thank you!
Judith-- hi there-- I think that your best bet on this are a few book chapters that are looking at this issue. There are more qualitative data there. I think the field is moving towards deeper description of prep for bias and I think the best work to stimulate your thinking here is qualitative.
Hope this helps! Good luck!
Mia
Hughes, D., Rivas, D., Foust, M., Hagelskamp, C., Gersick, S., & Way, N. (2008). How to catch a moonbeam: A mixed-methods approach to understanding ethnic socialization processes in ethnically diverse families. Handbook of race, racism, and the developing child, 226-277.
Johnson, D. J. (2001). Parental characteristics, racial stress, and racial socialization processes as predictors of racial coping in middle childhood. In A. M. Neal-Barnett, J. M. Contreras, & K. A. Kerns (Eds.), Forging links: African American children clinical developmental perspectives (pp. 57-74). Portsmouth, NH: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Johnson, D. J. (2005). The ecology of children's racial coping: Family, school, and community influences. In T. S. Weisner (Ed.), Discovering successful pathways in children's development: Mixed methods in the study of childhood and family life. (pp. 87-109). Chicago, IL US: University of Chicago Press.
This dissertation may be helpful:
Holman, A. R. (2012). Gendered racial socialization in Black families: Mothers' beliefs, approaches, and advocacy. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Disserations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3555722)
I also think Howard Stevenson's work includes several types of preparation for bias, though he uses different terminology than Hughes et al does.
And I like this original book chapter by Diane Hughes because it is also very descriptive:
Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1999). The nature of parent’s race-related communications to children: A developmental perspective. In L. Balter & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Child psychology: A handbook of contemporary issues (pp. 467-490). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
And these pieces by Anita J Thomas are also nicely done:
Thomas, A. J., & Sha’Kema, M. B. (2015). The influence of the Trayvon Martin shooting on racial socialization practices of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(1), 75-89.
Sha’Kema, M. B., & Thomas, A. J. (2015). African Americans and Trayvon Martin: Black Racial Identity Profiles and Emotional Responding. Journal of African American Studies, 19(3), 279-297.
Mia,
Thank you so much for providing these references! I am currently working on a paper with my adviser in which I am trying to describe the content of the messages youth reported receiving for certain racial hostile situations and how those messages influenced how youth reported they would address the same racially hostile situations when they were old. I was finding it difficult to determine what we know about the content of prep for bias messages. These references will be very very helpful. Have a great day!
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