You could check out The Environment as Hazard by Burton, Kates and White. Also, Patricia Martel, a PhD student at Wilfred Laurier University, Ontario, Canada is doing her thesis on disaster taxonomies, and might have some useful information for you.

I see a good link provided by @Roland Iosif Moraru. Thanks for sharing.

You might find the following sources useful.

1. Committee on Disaster Research in the Social Sciences. (2006). Facing Hazards and Disasters: Understanding Human Dimensions. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council.

and

Lindell, M.K., Prater, C.S. & Perry, R.W. (2006). Fundamentals of Emergency Management. Emmitsburg MD: Federal Emergency Management Agency Emergency Management Institute. Available at www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/fem.asp or hrrc.arch.tamu.edu/publications/books/

The following links will also be helpful in addition to the aformentioned articles. I also used these websites in my publications:

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hazards/

http://usasearch.fema.gov/search?query=disaster+taxonomy&op=Search&affiliate=fema

The Integrated Research on Disaster Risk initiate (IRDR) has developed a hazard taxonomy. See http://www.irdrinternational.org/2014/03/28/irdr-peril-classification-and-hazard-glossary/

Thanks a lot for all of your answers Roland, David, Asmat, Michael, Ebru, Melanie. However, what I'm still looking for (maybe I have overlooked it) are associated control and mitigation measures in those (such kinds of) taxonomies ...

I think, the outputs of the MOVE (Methods for the Improvement of Vulnerability Assessment in Europa) Project can be helpful. I also took part in this project in 2009. Before analysing the vulnerability of Europe, we prepared a glossary and classification of the natural disasters. If you wish, you can have a look at the following link:

http://www.move-fp7.eu/index.php?module=main