Sub-soil management technologies have not so far received due attention in Indian Punjab where hard crust formation in root zone is leading to compaction. Cotton-Wheat is the most popular cropping system and both of these crops cover nearly an area of 8-10 lakh ha/annum during summer and winter seasons, respectively in south western zone of Indian Punjab.
I think it is very common sight these days that both the crops do not stand well in ill-drained soils. In north-western IGP including Punjab water-logging is caused by the increase in bulk density in soils with no sub-soil sodicity, due to compaction of sub-soils by the use of heavy machinery during the cultivation of crops.Such situation help in better cultivation of rice, which helps in SOC sequestration but does not the two above mentioned crops. You may please refer to the attached PDF.
Another pdf is attached,which shows the aerial extent on bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity in the IGP soils including those of Punjab. It provides a fair knowledge of drainage impairment.
Anaerobic conditions can rapidly release Mn2+ into solution. You could look directly in the soil solution, being careful not to aerate, or more easily test the plant foliage. There are good tabulations of toxic foliar Mn concentrations for both plant species
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