Generally, hot concentrated acids are widely used as agents for decomposing rocks or geological samples; HNO3, HClO4, HCl, H2SO4 and HF have all been used. To dissolve silicate rocks you will need hydrofluoric acid whereas, to dissolve carbonate rocks you will need hydrochloric acid.
In case of sediment, soil and rock samples for total elemental analysis are digested using a multi-acid digestion procedure (combination of nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric and perchloric acids.) in order to dissolve most silicate minerals.