AI is a huge ocean and if you specify the exact subject or subtype under AI then it would be easy to answer. Say for neural network, genetic algorithm are also taught as sub areas of AI. So for them we can use MATLAB also.
But if you tell about building expert system kind of stuff then LISP and Prolog will be better as per my knowledge.
Historically Lisp (in the US) and Prolog (in Europe) - the former functional the later logical programming languages which both support symbolic reasoning and meta-level programming. Then came the C++-based AI tools and then Java-based ones. Most recently Python would seem to be quite popular in some Universities.
Historically LISP
For Expert System CLIPS
for general purpose logical programming (declarative) Prolog is best
For programming in which matrices are mostly involved as well Neural Networks, Optimization etc using GA and others use Matlab
For conventional programming in AI C++,C#, JAVA any of them can also be used .. Depends on the type of problem and approaching methods
Visual Prolog is a cross between Prolog and Pascal (Prolog with string data types, type checking, lack of asserted rules and restricted meta level reasoning) ... derived from good old Turbo Prolog from Borland (if anyone can remember back that far)
it's hard to say what the better route to go is (depends a lot on what you're trying to do). For example Python, isn't all that good at MATLAB's core strengths, and vice versa. In my opinion as you don't have an obvious choice !! go for MATLAB, Good Luck :)
Actually, selecting a proper AI language is a problem dependent. You have to state first what kind of problems you are going to solve then listen to our suggestions.
Well, in this case I can say that JAVA and C++ will be sufficient for these kind of problems and applications.
It depends on what you want to achieve. For simulations purposes Matlab is very good, while for graphical displays Java is better. I have been working with Lisp and prolog and they are powerful programming language for AI development
AI has become such a huge field that it is virtually impossible to say what language is "best" for it. First, you should narrow down the domain, and state what sub-field of AI you are interested in (computer vision, machine learning, search, planning, robotics, natural language processing, etc.). Second, are you doing research, i. e. algorithm development, or do you want to build a production system to be used by people? In the former case you should choose a language that allows you to easily prototype stuff. For that Matlab would be a good choice, if you have access to it.
If you are building a production system, such as a computer vision system, a robot, or a game, then you will be constrained in your choice of a language by the speed requirements and by the platform on which the system will work. E. g. you would probably write a vision system in C++, although you may get away with doing it in Java. Lisp, on the other hand may not be very suitable.
As above, you need to tell us what you want to do. That being said:
In Java, there are a few machine learning algorithm libraries, for example Mahout (http://mahout.apache.org/) or WEKA (http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/), which may help with getting started. Java can be "extended" for a more lisp-type programming (functional programming) by using Clojure (which is based on lisp principles: http://clojure.org/). Clojure runs on the JavaVirtualMachine. That way you can take advantage of existing libraries for common algorithms from Java, extend them, and if you need to solve things functionally, extend whatever you are doing with Clojure.
I see that in many universities, they usually use Prolog and Lisp to teach AI. Here is useful link for you https://www.infoworld.com/article/3186599/artificial-intelligence/the-5-best-programming-languages-for-ai-development.html
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