As a researcher we are doing our part by introducing new alternative fuel, the implementation on any fuel in any country is in the hand of their govts. The batch production of every bio-fuels is costlier than fossil fuel but if govt implement it and promote for mass production than for sure we will find huge use of these tested fuel in practical use. you can consider the example of Brazil.

I think, in the present scenario the manufacturing cost of bio-fuels and the feed-stock availability for their production is the major concern. Hence, maximum research is based on the optimum production of new non-conventional sources of energy. The practical implications and related research is lacking because when researchers reports the properties of the produced biofuel and that meets the standards set by the reputed agencies, then it obviously considered as effective fuel as compared to conventional fuel. However, production of energy intensive renewable fuel the main concern for example, biodiesel i.e. esters of fatty acids comprises of oxygen in its molecule and thus its energy intensity is very low as compared to conventional diesel. Hence, the cost-effective production at optimum condition remains the bigger challenge in present scenario. And it is well established in 18s that vegetable oil can be used as a fuel in blend with conventional diesel. So the post production is not the much issue but the production cost is the challenging factor due to very high cost of feed stock.

I think it will help you to some extent.

Regards

Sumit

The study phase happened decades ago. Also, biofuel end products usually equivalent with the fossil based fuel (except ethanol and petrol, but fossil feedstock based ethanol, sugar feedstock based ethanol, lignocellulosic ethanol are all the same), no difference from the user perspective.

Biofuels are in use already in Brasil, in the EU, even in the US, millions of cars are running on biofuels (bio ethanol and bio diesel) every day. In some countries 100% ethanol is available, in other countries blending up to 10% is required, otherwise you need to pay extra fee. E.g., boat owners prefer ethanol free fuel, therefore they have to pay more for the fuel in the US.

Car manufacturers provide cars to use the blended biofuels for more than a decade (in some countries it is not even optional for the manufacturers, it is an obligation), and you can buy cars what can use 100% ethanol or 100% petrol. It can be an automatic switch or a manual. Advantage of the ethanol is the higher horsepower, disadvantage is the worse fuel economy and potential attraction of moisture in the fuel system, what can cause corrosion.

In the case of bio-diesel, the blending is also a requirement, so millions of cars are running on blended biodiesel already. The disadvantage is that the biodiesel is not as durable product as the fossil based diesel. So, if you leave it in your system for years, can cause clogs and corrosion. When the oil price was high and the diesel was expensive, car owners started to use 100% cooking oil (sunflower oil) in their diesel cars without making a single change in the car.

The blending is a good and easy solution since currently you cannot produce even the 10% of the countries fuel needs from biofuels, so the blending percentage is not a constraints today (there are exceptions like Brasil, they can produce and use more). There are experiments to increase the blending proportion without changing the fuel attributes. 100% ethanol is for environmental conscious people and horsepower enthusiast and the sales is for higher margin.

Biofuel for electricity generation is also over the studying phase, industrial pellet boilers are running on lignocellulosic feedstocks in the UK, Canada, the Netherlands, and the US. There are new biofuels, please find my papers about torrefied pellets enclosed.

If your question is about second (lignocellulosic, not sugar based) or third generation (algae) feedstocks for biofuel, I have to say that the end product is not different compared to ethanol from other sources.

Article Use of Linear Programming to Optimize the Social, Environmen...

Article Systematic Review of Torrefied Wood Economics

@Robert Istvan Radics Thank you for your suggestions. It is indeed a great pleasure reading your recommendations.

@Sumit Dhawane I think your perspective is quite good. I also agree to the fact that production of biofuels is a main problem due to unavailability of feed stock in cheap rate (difficulty in mass production).

@Sandeep Kumar Duran Thank you for your opinion. And yes, as a researcher, we need to focus on the part of optimising the production and effective use of the biofuels under study.