You question is very interesting and requires a book chapter to answer it in details.
Digital communication systems require many types of synchronization. Synchronization means to agree in time. So in synchronous modems there is the carrier synchronization where one has to synchronize the received symbol carrier with a locally generated carrier at the receiver. In the receiver to extract the baseband from the modulated signal one has to generate a copy of the received carrier in the receiver which means that one has to synchronize a locally generated with the incoming received carrier. This means that they have to make their frequency equal and align their phase. If they are completely aligned in phase , it is said that the two signal will be coherent.
This type of carrier synchronization is accomplished by the phase locked loops where the locally generated carrier will be made to track the carrier of the received signal.
In the coming post i will speak about the other type of synchronization in the communication systems.