Vegitative propagation by using of root hormes, is the best method for fastet reforestration and you can get best results with short time.

In my view @Abdenour Kheloufi, you should have laid down the objectives and targets for your project before starting. Your objectives should have guided you to identify clearly attainable targets. You need to go back to your objectives and ask yourself: how much land cover do we expect from the reforestation program in two years time? Follow the Logical Framework Approach and develop targets for your project you will not go wrong.

@ Abdenour, I think selection of an appropriate tree species or forest community which suits well to the area is very important. Common reforestation techniques includes root suckering, stump sprouting or natural seeding.

Within two years, the place will be green and the temperature is cooler. I saw here in Kenya when they planted eucalyptus trees after many years of deforestation.

Adequate number of trees growing close together and then the return of the vegetation should be able to attract the return of some lower animal species even if the animals are birds, insects and some reptiles.

Reforestation in itself is a complex thing to be done, as it takes lot of experties, dedication and hardwork.

But still I strongly recommend you detailed manual of “FAO” regarding reforestation techniques in arid regions.

Here is the link;

https://www.fao.org/3/al040e/al040e00.pdf

Or you can also adopt clay pot pitcher planting method “Permaculture”.

If you are interested contact me and I will share a picture of this method with you.

Here is my email;

[email protected]

If you are talking about Algeria, it depends on how degraded the area is to begin, and then what impact the domesticated grazing animals will have in the future--if possible, they should be excluded for at least 10 years. 1.) Aways start with local native species. 2.) Trees need to be started as seedlings, but you may need to start with a cover of the native annual wildflowers and grasses first, to act as nurse plants. 3.) Consider that the thousands of years of grazing may have removed soil nutrients, to the extent that native seedlings can no longer thrive. Do tests in containers of local soil with seedlings, and water daily and see within a month or two, if they show signs of soil nutrient deficiencies, and add whatever is missing in the pots to produce thriving plants, then consider you need to add the same in your wild land plantings. The usual missing nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, and sometimes it is a change in the pH to too acid when too much calcium is removed. 4.) Visit the "Great Green Wall" project south of you, and see what they are doing--Google "https://www.google.com/search?q=great+green+wall+africa+youtube 5.) Visit the Sidi Toui National Park in Tunisia that is revegetating itself back to grasslands and Libya's Al-Watiya 1942 are force base doing the same--check them out on Google Earth, image attached from Sidi Toui.

I am speaking after restoring 2.5 sq. kilometers of desert back to 100% native cover in 20 cm of annual rainfall, north of Reno.

And please DO NOT plant exotics like Eucalyptus, they destroy the environment for eternity when they are planted in countries outside of Australia, by giving off chemicals that kills everything underneath them. Native, native and local natives only! Plus they are a major fire hazard. Picture attached in California 2017 PGE fires.

In northern Arizona, U.S.A., a diverse collaboration between governmental and non-governmental groups has given rise to a large forest restoration initiative, the Four Forest Restoration Initiative (4FRI): https://www.fs.usda.gov/4fri. Rather than tree planting, this project focuses mainly on hazardous fuels reduction and mechanized tree thinning to return forests to historical reference conditions. Though the specific goals of this initiative likely differ from yours, they have developed monitoring protocols that may be useful to you: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3836490.pdf. Monitoring the success of the project is evaluated by category (e.g., social goals, economic goals, ecological goals, etc.). “Desired Conditions, Indicators, Thresholds, and Triggers” are developed for each category and specific questions are crafted that allow stakeholder groups to determine through specific indicators whether or not a desired condition is being achieved. An example:

“Question: Are ponderosa pine restoration treatments occurring within the project area?

Monitoring Indicator: Acres thinned /green tons removed, acres prescribed burned

Assessment Method: Database Records

Frequency of Measurement: Reported annually”

Questions, indicators, desired conditions, etc. must be tailored to your specific reforestation project, but the work done for the 4FRI Initiative in the southwestern U.S. can perhaps serve as a template for you all.

Community based indigenous ecosystem based adaptation will be successful reforestation program.