To Jens: I would add beyond "our Middle Ages" also "our" transatlantic colonization. The use of all mentioned means for the purpose is daily demonstrated, for example in the current territories of Ukraine and Syria. Other means are deportation, the mass introduction, nonviolent or forcefully imposed, of settlers, a contrasting religion, burial rite, dress code, hair style and/or language. Demarcation of territorial claims takes the shape of widely visible religious buildings/symbols, cemeteries/graves and creation of contiguous soundscapes (e.g. drums, bell towers).