Biological pollution (impacts or biopollution) is a term that describes the impacts of humanity's actions on the quality of aquatic and terrestrial environment. Biopollution may cause adverse effects at several levels of biological organization:

• an individual organism (internal biological pollution by parasites or pathogens),
• a population (by genetic change, i.e. hybridization of IAS with a native species),
• a community or biocoenosis (by structural shifts, i.e. dominance of IAS, replacement or elimination of native species),
• a habitat (by modification of physical-chemical conditions),
• an ecosystem (by alteration of energy and organic material flow).

Biology and Fertility of Soils,March 1995, Volume 19, Issue 4, pp 269–279|

The use of microbial parameters in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals

Abstract: Microbial parameters appear very useful in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals, but no single microbial parameter can be used universally. Microbial activities such as respiration, C and N mineralization, biological N2 fixation, and some soil enzymes can be measured, as can the total soil microbial biomass. Combining microbial activity and population measurements (e.g., biomass specific respiration) appears to provide more sensitive indications of soil pollution by heavy metals than either activity or population measurements alone. Parameters that have some form of “internal control”, e.g., biomass as a percentage of soil organic matter, are also advantageous. By using such approaches it might be possible to determine whether the natural ecosystem is being altered by pollutants without recource to expensive and long-running field experiments. However, more data are needed before this will be possible. Finally, new applications of molecular biology to soil pollution studies (e.g., genetic fingerprinting) which may also have value in the future are considered.

Different approaches to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.10.003Get rights and content

Abstract:Soil biochemical properties are indicators of soil quality, but there is still no consensus as to how they should be used. We review the trends in their use over the last decade. Generally, biochemical properties related to the biocycles of the elements (C, N, P and S) are used to diagnose soil quality. These properties include both general biochemical parameters (i.e. microbial biomass C, dehydrogenase activity and N mineralization potential) and specific biochemical parameters (i.e. the activity of hydrolytic enzymes, such as phosphatase, urease and β-glucosidase). Biochemical properties can be used both individually, as simple indices, or in combination using complex equations derived from mathematical combinations or the application of statistical programs. The results described in the literature for both are contradictory and question the validity of the use of biochemical properties as quality indicators. Complex expressions, in which different properties are combined, are thought to be highly suitable for estimating soil quality, although their use is limited to the area and situation in which they have been described. Generally, the greatest problems posed by the use of biochemical properties as soil quality indicators include the lack of reference values, the contradictory behaviour shown by these properties when a soil is degraded, and the regional variations in expression levels. Most of these problems are derived from the scarce information available on the biochemical properties of soil. For this reason, obtaining soil quality indicators of general use will require a coordinated effort from the international scientific community to standardise the analytical methods and to compile databases of biochemical properties from soils under diverse geographic conditions and with different uses and management.

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https://www.intechopen.com/books/environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination/soil-contamination-risk-assessment-and-remediation