The Red Planet has a significantly lower gravity one-third that of Earth’s and an extremely thin atmosphere with only 1% the pressure at the surface compared to our planet. This means there are relatively few air molecules with which Ingenuity’s two 4-foot-wide (1.2-meter-wide) rotor blades can interact to achieve flight. Kindly check the following link:
The harsh Martian environment is extremely challenging for Mars UAV technology research. Mars is one of the eight planets in the solar system, close to the Earth, with a diameter of about 53% of the Earth, a mass of about 14% of the Earth, and gravity of about 38% of the Earth, its rotation axis inclination and rotation period is similar to that of the Earth, and the rotation time of one week is about twice the rotation time of the Earth. Martian atmospheric density is only 1/70 of the Earth's atmospheric density when the viscous effect and flow field separation phenomenon caused by low Reynolds number flight conditions will have a great impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the UAV. The presence of a large number of steep craters on the surface of Mars requires the UAV to have a suitable flight altitude. There are erratic Martian winds and dust storms on the surface of Mars, with wind speeds of 2-7 m/s and even 50 m/s at terrain junctions, which requires the UAV to be able to adjust its attitude quickly to the changing flight environment. The surface temperature of Mars varies significantly during the day and night and in all seasons, with an average temperature of -60°C in summer and -120°C in winter. The low temperature makes the speed of sound on Mars only 72% of that on Earth, which causes the edge of the UAV blade to be in a high Mach number state and prone to air compression effects and surge oscillations. The surface of Mars presents a cratered landscape with many raised ring walls, mountains, and canyons, which requires Mars UAVs to be able to land and take off on the complex and changing surface.