The traditional atonement theories have been criticised by academics, Christian and atheist alike. Since the atonement under-girds the Christian gospel it is important to see the violent death of Christ as not being needed by God to forgive sin. Evangelical Christians generally hold to the penal substitution theory of the atonement because they think it is biblical, even though it is difficult to protect the Father from requiring violence against the Son in order to save his people. The Lumen Christi model seeks to be biblical, but also ethical and reasonable. The discipline of critical reasoning is used to develop a model that meets all the requirements.
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