Argument 1: We will never understand life by evolving it from initial conditions, no matter how well we understand the fundamental laws. What is needed to incorporate biology into physics and cosmology is a combination of reductionist and functionalist explanations. Neither alone suffices.

Argument 2. During the roughly 3.8 billion years that life on Earth has taken to evolve to its present state, the Universe has grown and altered significantly. Thus, the methodological arguments should get their relevance from the conspicuous and suggestive fact that the life emerges and evolves on cosmological timescales.

Argument 3: The the number of types of living organism that could exist, even if the Universe were crammed full of life, is vastly smaller than the number of organisms that could be coded in DNA or RNA or catalyzed and built with proteins. The state space is then extraordinary sparsely occupied.

Argument's 2 & 3 Source: Biocosmology: Biology from a cosmological

perspective, Marina Cortˆes, Stuart A. Kauffman

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