I came across this picture in Kandel's Principles of Neural Science https://i2.wp.com/neupsykey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/01526.jpg?w=960

and I'm wondering how was this proven? How did the researchers find cooperativity and associativity in neighbouring spines?

My followup question would be how is this regulated, is it connected to backpropagating action potentials or gliatransmision or some other mechanism?

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