Volume percent (v/v %) is defined as: volume percent = x 100%. Volume percent is handy when preparing solutions of liquids. Concentration of a solution can be stated in volume percentages. Be aware that volume of solution is in formula denominator, not volume of solvent.
Volume percent (vol/vol% or v/v%) should be used whenever a solution is prepared by mixing pure liquid solutions. In particular, it's useful where miscibility comes into play, as with volume and alcohol.
Acid and base aqueous reagents are usually described using weight percent (w/w%). An example is concentrated hydrochloric acid, which is 37% HCl w/w.
Dilute solutions are often described using weight/volume % (w/v%). An example is 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although it's a good idea to always cite the units used in percentages, it seems common for people to omit them for w/v%. Also, note "weight" is really mass.
Dear Vikram,
Volume fraction in solid materials science and engineering often refers to concentration of a given phase, that is, the ratio of volume of the given phase to total volume of the sample. Thus, the volume fraction is dimensionless. For example, if you only have ferrite and cementite in your specimen, the volume fraction of cementite would be the ratio of volume of cementite to total volume (volume of ferrite and cementite).
The concentration, volume fraction or volume of a given phase can be measured by means of several microscopy methods:
- from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), if you know well the thickness of your sample
- from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (the volume fraction can be derived from SEM images because, for a 3D distribution of particles, it is equal to the area fraction measured in the cutting face of a random cut) [1]
- from atom probe tomography (APT)
Hope this is useful,
Jose
[1] E. Thompson: J. Geol., 1930, vol. 38, pp. 193.
volume fraction V of fiber , by Mass of fiber M, Density of fiber
V= M/ ρ
and same formula for Matrix
Hakim
Dear sir, I have seen your article. it is excellent work. I have a query. that is how to determine crystal volume fraction from DTA analysis of glass sample. I shall be highly obliged if you kindly reply me. Is there any software tp determine the crystal volume fraction? I am waiting for positive response. Thanking you. Tamal
Dear Vikram,
There are so many ways you can go ahead for the determination of a volume fraction in a matrix.
First way
(1) It can be estimated direct using the same formula
Vm = [(Mm/ρm) / (Mm/ρm + Mr1/ρr1 + Mr2/ρr2 + Mr3/ρr3 + ... )] * 100
where Vm is the volume fraction of the matrix, M is the mass, ρ is the density, and subscripts m and r refer to the matrix and the reinforcements, respectively.
Second way
(2) Fiber volume ratio is an important mathematical element in composite engineering. Fiber volume ratio, or fiber volume fraction, is the percentage of fiber volume in the entire volume of a fiber-reinforced composite material.When manufacturing polymer composites, fibers are impregnated with resin. The amount of resin to fiber ratio is calculated by the geometric organization of the fibers, which affects the amount of resin that can enter the composite.
There are other methods to determine the volume fractions given below:
(a) Acid Digestion
(b) Optical microscopy-based techniques
(c) Resin Burning-off Method
(d) Common fiber packing arrangements for hexagonal and square formula
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio
Hope it helps you out.
Ashish
In case you are considering samples of composite materials ― you may want to check the following RG discussions: https://www.researchgate.net/post/I_have_a_composite_materials_with_the_composition_of_AxByCz_How_can_I_calculate_density_of_the_composite https://www.researchgate.net/post/composites_may_consists_of_three_different_constituent_like_Epoxy_carbon_and_glass_fiberhow_i_can_calculate_volume_and_mas_fraction_from_density https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_might_I_determine_glass_fiber_content_in_composite
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