I've just started learning Python, and I'm pretty lost right now. I want to run my script on my server. I have no clue where to put my script for it to run. Can someone explain to me how this works?
You can run your script using PHP, Javascript. Perl CGI or any other server scripting language. Basically you have to develop a web page and add let's say PHP , in your page. In Php you can call system or shell_exec command to run your script. You can put your python script anywhere on your server it will work as long as the script path is correct and your in/output folder/file have the correct permissions. For starter try putting your python script in the same folder where you want to test your HTML/PHP embedded page.
You can find many good Php tutorials online like this one "https://www.w3schools.com/pHp/default.asp".
To be pass arguments to your python script you first need to create form using html and then you can pass the form field(s) to your php which in-turn will run your python script.