Please, read the attached papers.

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Vit

Bioflocs consist of a variety of bacteria, fungi, microalgae, detritus and other suspended organisms. These microorganisms not only remove excess nutrients, but also have been implicated in nutritional provision for the cultured species, including shrimp and tilapia. the bioflocs provide sources of lipids, minerals and vitamins to cultured animal.

The bioflocs technology (BFT) for aquatic animals production (specially shrimp and tilapia) has been proposed as a sustainable practice capable of reducing environmental impacts and preventing pathogen introduction. The microbial community associated with BFT not only detoxifies nutrients, but also can improve feed utilization and animal growth. Biofloc system contains abundant number of bacteria of which cell wall consists of various components such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and b-1, 3-glucans, and is known as stimulating nonspecific immune activity of such animals. Besides, initial cost estimates for biofloc production is projected to be less than the ingredients such as fishmeal and within the range for soybean meal.

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The particulate organic matter and other organisms in the microbial food web have been proposed as potential food sources for aquatic animals. In BFT, microorganisms present a key role in nutrition of cultured animals. The macroaggregates (biofloc) is a rich proteinlipid natural source available “in situ” 24 hours per day. In the water column occurs a complex interaction between organic matter, physical substrate and large range of microorganisms such as phytoplankton, free and attached bacteria, aggregates of particulate organic matter and grazers, such as rotifers, ciliates and flagellates protozoa and copepods. This natural productivity play an important role recycling nutrients and maintaining the water quality.. The consumption of biofloc by shrimp or fish has demonstrated innumerous benefits such as improvement of growth rate, decrease of FCR and associated costs in feed. Growth enhancement has been attributed to both bacterial and algae nutritional components, which up to 30% of conventional feeding ration can be lowered due to biofloc consumption in shrimp. In reference it was reported that more than 29% of daily food consumed for L. vannamei could be biofloc. In tilapia, in refrence it was estimated that feed utilization is higher in BFT at a rate of 20% less than conventional water-exchange systems.

Bioflocs consist of a variety of non-pathogenic micro-organisms. Which not only help to remove excess nutrients, but also have been implicated in nutritional provision for the cultured organisms like fish, shrimp etc.

biofloc is based on nitrogen cycle by maintaining higher C: N ratio through stimulating heterotrophic microbial growth, which assimilates the nitrogenous waste that can be exploited by the cultured spices as a feed. This technic is not only effective in treating the waste but also grants nutrition to the aquatic animal.