Is there a good way to categorise the daily weather situation e.g. based on European surface/3D fields of T and P, and if so, are such daily classifications available? Once something called "grosswetterlage" existed, but it's probably not used anymore?
Yes, there exists a classification system. It was developed by the German Meteorological Service. You can download the data following this link:
http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_windowLabel=dwdwww_main_book&portletMasterPortlet_i1gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fabruf__wlkdaten__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue&switchLang=en&_pageLabel=dwdwww_result_page
Best regards
Uwe
You can also download the classification after Hess & Brezwsky:
http://www.dwd.de/GWL
Best regards
Uwe
There is an interesting paper where you can found information about the last developments in synoptic classifications:
http://cost733class.geo.uni-augsburg.de/moin/cost733wiki/data/pages_bak/SpecialIssueKrakow/attachments/jpce_philipp-et-al_2009_cost733cat_revised_manuscript_v19.doc
There was a COST action dedicated to this subject called COST 733
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