Usually, any kind of innovation will increase firm´s performance by reducing costs or by creating new products or practices that are more efficient.
Knowledge management and knowledge sharing practices can increase competitiveness by improving HR knowledge and identification of organizational culture.
You can use financial indicators to measure performance complemented, for example, with innovative sales percentage, market share …
It depends how you define "performance" of an organization. If you define performance as the realization of a strategy and its strategic goals then you need to improve the appropriate value-drivers through the related business processes. You may want to check out my book Value-driven Business Process Management.
From my view, overall performance would comprise both financial and non-financial areas.
Thus, the sources of performance drivers can be from employees (e.g. knowledge, capability, skills, personality, morale); functions (e.g. human resource, marketing, production, services, etc); management (e.g. leadership, capability, personality, positioning and strategy choices, etc); resources (e.g. financial, structure, culture, reputation, physical, IPs, human capital, technology, network); and many more.
The topic under discussion is quite big. Businesses are different in terms of their nature such as size and complexity. You may want to start from analyzing the basic business theories and models such as Resource Based View, Porter value chain and Balance Scorecard, and cross analyze with your context of study through reading, observation and interview.