SPI is more complex measure to identify drought conditions and the acquisition of data is a big problem.
hi Deepak Wankhede,
you can also try DrinC software for SPI, which is simple and available free of cost.
you have to put only monthly rainfall data.
http://drinc.ewra.net/index_d.html
Dear Researchers
The aridity index (AI) is a measure of climatic condition over a given place. Drought refers to the less availability of water compared to the usual or average condition for certain period of time. The aridity indicates permanent state of the climate over the given location. However , the drought is a temporary phenomenon. Thus, AI can not be used to measure drought.
Hi
As other said they don't have the same concept.
If you want to calculate Rain-based drought, you can use RDIT (Rained-based Drought Index Tool). This is a software for calculates 8-indices and draw graphs and assess severity and duration.
please visit:
http://www.agrimetsoft.com/
regards
Sir, I need your help in calculating the SPI by using software DrinC, steps are not visible in the PDF?. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Sir_I_need_your_help_in_calculating_the_SPI_by_using_software_DrinC_steps_are_not_visible_in_the_PDF [accessed May 18, 2017].
The arid zone is a geographical and climatic reality and our ancestors naturally adapted to it. This figure shows a shot of the olive groves of Chaal in Sfax (Tunisia): Olive trees as far as the eye can see, cultivated without the slightest drop of irrigation water, produce Olive-Oil of exceptional quality under rainfall of less than 250 mm per year. The same goes for Pistachio trees in Iran, Fig trees, and Almond trees... around the Mediterranean, all cultivated under rainfed conditions.
Figure source: A Conceptual Model for National Water Security in Water-Scarce Countries, By Jamel Chahed International Workshop on Water Security and Technology Innovation in Hydro-Environmental Engineering July 13, 2023. Available on:
Conference Paper A Conceptual Model for National Water Security in Water-Scar...
See Also
"National water security– Case study of an arid country, Tunisia (Authors: Besbes, Chahed Hamdane), Springer (2019) 4:11". The Previous French version of the book is available in chapters on:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356650449_Securite_Hydrique_de_la_Tunisie_Preface_Introduction https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356662490_Les_Problemes_de_l'Eau_dans_le_Monde
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356663902_Cinquante_ans_de_politiques_de_l'eau_1960-2010
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356665641_Le_Bilan_Hydrique_National
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356666107_Le_bilan_Hydrique_Integral_Eau_Bleue_Eau_Verte_et_Eau_Virtuelle
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356666288_La_gestion_de_la_demande_en_eau_et_les_ressources_non_conventionnelles
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356674959_Securite_Hydrique_de_la_Tunisie_les_questions_en_debat
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356678805_Securite_Hydrique_de_la_Tunisie_Conclusion_Postface
Certainly no
The drought is a relative deficit at a given time and space and it is temporary phenomenon.
Aridity index is devised for assessing climate characteristics of an area/region compared to other in annual or seasonal scale.
I suggest to use SPI of SPEI of EDI or percentage normal for drought severity assessment.
The Water Dependency Index (See References)
The comprehensive water balance expresses the amount of virtual water associated with food products trade and defines a "Water Dependency Index" (WDI), which represents the part of net virtual water in the total food demand water equivalent. This assumes that the allowance in Blue Water to irrigation must adjust to the available water once the direct needs insured.
The Food Demand Water Equivalent (FDWE) includes water equivalent of Agricultural Production consumed on the local market and the water-equivalent of agri-food imports. The water equivalent of agricultural production includes green water-equivalent and blue water equivalent.
The "Water Dependency Index" (WDI) defined by Besbes et al. (2002, 2010) represents the net equivalent of Virtual Water volumes (Imports-Exports) within the total food demand and is expressed as: WDI = (IMP-EXP) / FDWE.
If one refers to international literature, the concept of water dependency, as defined by FAO (2003), relates only to blue water; it expresses the external renewable water resources (originating outside the country) as a percentage of the total renewable water resources (internal and external). This definition has been largely used by the scientific community as well as by international organisations.
Based on water footprint concept, Hoekstra and Mekonnen (2012) defined the ‘virtual water import dependency’ of a nation as ‘the ratio of the external to the total water footprint of national consumption’ where total ‘water consumption’ refers to the ‘water needed for the production of the domestic demand for goods and services’. The indicator is conceived to reflect the extent to which a country relies on imports of water in virtual form. The results reported by Hoekstra and Mekonnen (2012) on water dependency give, as it may be expected, high values for water-scarce countries (like Jordan 86%, Israel 82%, Yemen 76%, Lebanon 73%). These results reveal however some striking points; in particular, some water-rich countries such as Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, and The Netherlands have surprisingly high water dependency indexes between 60–95%.
By relating the Water Dependency Index to agricultural water, the indicator proposed by Besbes et al. (2002, 2010)attempts to go beyond the appraisal of the water dependency level of nations to specify the balance sheet items related to the national food demand. As the net equivalent of virtual water represents the difference between the total food demand water equivalent and the total food production water equivalent, the Water Dependency Index (WDI) could be more explicitly detailed in order to bring out the different contributions to food production: "Blue Water" referring to the use of ground and surface water as well as non-conventional water resources, "Green Water" referring to the water reserves of the soil effectively used in crop production or into direct grazing, and "Virtual Water" referring the flux of the "net virtual water import". The objective is to consider the extent to which greater value for all water resources could be achieved.
As the major part of water resources is directly or indirectly used in food production, the WDI related to food balance is in itself sufficient to reflect the National water security by measuring the level to which a nation relies on foreign water to ensure its food demand. This indicator could be consolidated by financial indicators, for instance, the coverage rate of the agri-food trade balance. The improvement of the food security of a country expressed in terms of WDI will depend on the capacity of the country to improve food productivity either in the irrigated sector (Blue Water, including non-conventional water resource) as well as in the rain-fed agriculture and direct grazing (Green Water). From this point of view, the WDI appears as a major decision-making tool for sustainable water resources management. It is also a learning tool as well as a 'discussion-support' tool that provides a common platform for the coherence of the activities of different actors and stakeholders.
References
Besbes, M., Chahed, J., & Hamdane, A. (2019). Food and water management in Northwest Africa. The Oxford Handbook of Food, Water and Society, 426.
French version available on:
Chapter Food and Water Management in Northwest Africa
Besbes, M., Chahed, J., & Hamdane, A. (2019). National water security: case study of an arid country: Tunisia. Cham, CH: Springer.
Book National Water Security, Case Study of an Arid Country: Tunisia
French version:
Hamdane, A., Chahed, J., & Besbes, M. (2014). Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie: Gérer l'eau en conditions de pénurie. Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie, l'Harmattan, Paris.Book Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie, Gérer l'eau en conditions de pénurie
Available in chapters on:
Chapter Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie : Préface & Introduction
Chapter Les Problèmes de l’Eau dans le Monde
Chapter Cinquante ans de politiques de l’eau, 1960-2010
Chapter Le Bilan Hydrique National
Chapter Le bilan Hydrique Intégral : Eau Bleue, Eau Verte et Eau Virtuelle
Chapter La gestion de la demande en eau et les ressources non conventionnelles
Chapter Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie, les questions en débat.
Chapter Sécurité Hydrique de la Tunisie : Conclusion & Postface
See also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Scientific_Watch_on_Water_Scarcity_Indicators/8
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Food_Water_Security_in_Water-Scarce_Countries
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Water_Footprint_Water_Colors_Blue_Water_Green_Water_Grey_Water_Virtual_Water
Your question is yet not clear
You want to calculate drought severity or WDI
Rajendra P. Pandey Thank you for your comment. The "Water Dependency Index" (WDI) defined by Besbes et al. (2002, 2010) represents the net equivalent of Virtual Water volumes (Imports-Exports) within the total food demand and is expressed as WDI = (IMP-EXP) / FDWE. It is a holistic indicator of water scarcity within a region, a country, or watershed. In the arid region, WDI change depends on drought episodes.